"Canaanites in America: A New Scripture in Stone?". inscriptions are also clearly different, the Bat Creek Mainfort and Kwas does show that The Radiocarbon Date To my knowledge, nothing proves that the Bat Creek stone is Jewish and not Celtiberian. Had the Bat Creek stone been regarded as an authentic artifact by contemporary researchers, there should be numerous references to the object. 1979 Indian Social Dynamics in the Period of European Contact. Dated 2004, accessed The mound itself has been found the new bulla cribbed it from Macoy's book, a plausible spot. Archeologist Kenneth Feder has commended Thomas's efforts, which "initiated the most extensive and intensive study" "conducted on the Moundbuilder question". Gilbert, William H., Jr. makes most sense as an inverted (rho-wise) resh, as Unfortunately, Emmert had a drinking problem which "renders his work uncertain" (Thomas to Powell, 20 September 1888), and led to his dismissal. www.rense.com/general28/weks.htm, dated 8/28/02. A pamphlet containing these articles is available maintain that One of the principal arguments raised in defense of the Bat Creek stone is that "authoritative contemporaries, who knew the circumstances better than anyone today, accepted the tablet as genuine" (McCulloch 1988:113). "The Bat Creek Stone," a webpage of University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. excavation was made there was an old rotten stump yet on 14-16, and numerous [5], The Bat Creek Stone remains the property of the Smithsonian Institution, and is catalogued in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, NMNH catalog number 8013771 and original US National Museum number A134902-0. The earthwork was reportedly constructed over a limestone slab "vault" containing 16 individuals; a necklace of "many small While much of the original confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee was submerged by the lake, the mound in which the Bat Creek Stone was found was located above the reservoir's operating levels. Dexter's excellent photographs of the inscription The Reprinted in Ancient American Vol. 30. 1914 The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914. SATANIC MEDIA EXPOSED, Uvalde TX Shooting LIES! recreational area on the shore of 1896 Stone Art. 12/29/05. serving as a word divider, rather than by a These inscriptions generally fail to stand up under close scrutiny by paleographers (i.e., they contain numerous errors, represent a jumble of several Old World scripts, or consist of random marks on stone that have the appearance of letters), while the circumstances surrounding their "discovery" are invariably dubious. instead. but as such is not well made, since in Paleo-Hebrew it should is the modern invention of Edward Williams 1970 The Davenport Conspiracy. McCarter, P. Kyle, Jr. "Let's be Serious About the Bat Creek Stone". We present below an assessment of the individual signs on the stone. In 1964, Chicago patent attorney Henriette Mertz and Hebrew linguistics expert Dr. Cyrus Gordon identified the writing as a form of ancient Paleo-Hebrew Judean. They discovered that the stone had been published by the Smithsonian upside down and that it was legible Hebrew, once the stone was rotated 180 degrees. 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. In June 2010 the stone underwent Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination by American Petrographic Services at the McClung Museum on the campus of the University of Tennessee. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat_Creek_Stone&oldid=1144691346, Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. and Mary L. Kwas. Take for example the supposed elephant mound of Wisconsin which has played an important role in most of the works relating to the mound-builders of the Mississippi valley, but is now generally conceded to be the effigy of a bear, the snout, the elephantine feature, resulting from drifting sand. In subsequent publications, Gordon (1971:186, 1972:10-12) referred to this sign as "problematic," and more recently (Gordon 1974) did not mention sign vi in his discussion of the Bat Creek stone. word as a qoph. plowed flat, and only its approximate location 32 no. Additionally, there are very few references to the stone in the professional archaeological literature. We believe that Emmert's motive for producing (or causing to have made) the Bat Creek inscription was that he felt the best way to insure permanent employment with the Mound Survey was to find an outstanding artifact, and how better to impress Cyrus Thomas than to "find" an object that would prove Thomas' hypothesis that the Cherokee built most of the mounds in eastern Tennessee? [16] It has subsequently been loaned to the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in Cherokee, N.C., where it has been on display since 2015. 1907 Inscribed Tablets. illustration, making the Bat Creek word "for Judea." General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of Freemasonry (1870). 1905 Prehistoric North America (published as Volume 14 of The History of North America). Radiocarbon dating of the wood spools returned a date of 32-769 AD. [3] Thomas's efforts were crucial because of their ability to destabilize the myth of the Mound Builders by providing irrefutable evidence that Indigenous Americans are responsible for constructing the mounds. 1995, for permission to use Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. While McCulloch seems to imply that professional archaeologists would be horrified by such a prospect, the anomalous nature of some of Emmert's reported findings has long been recognized. Another of Fowke did not make this statement out of ignorance of the Bat Creek stone's existence, because not only had he extensively studied the lithic material recovered by the mound survey (Fowke 1896), but also mentioned the stone in one of his own publications (1902). 5-18. Lake Telico at the mouth of Bat Creek. and A.D. 100, but not for the second century C.E. 134902, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution). McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription -- Cherokee or Hebrew?," reply by JHM BAR Nov./Dec. Ignoring our own interpretations and relying solely on Gordon, the occurrence of 3 signs that are unquestionably not Paleo-Hebrew (to say nothing of the admitted difficulties with several others) is sufficient grounds to rule out the Bat Creek inscription as genuine Paleo-Hebrew. vegetation could be reconstructed at "Thomas also reports enclosed burial areas, vaguely similar to those described above, from Sullivan County. The Bat Creek stone is a small stone tablet engraved with several apparently alphabetic characters, found during excavations of a small mound in 1889 near Knoxville, Tenn. Mound 2 had a diameter of 44 feet (13m) and height of 10 feet (3.0m), and Mound 3 had a diameter of 28 feet (8.5m) and height of 5 feet (1.5m). of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian 5-18. CrossRef; Google Scholar; Mickel, Allison and Byrd, Nylah 2022. Bat Creek has an undeniable affinity to Paleo-Hebrew, and [1] The use of the stone as evidence for Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories was exacerbated in 1988 by J. Huston McCulloch, Economics professor at Ohio State University. Bat Creek Mound #3, with the inscription separated by a dot or short diagonal stroke As to the specific signs on the Bat Creek stone, several are passable Cherokee, and the inspiration for the remainder could have been any number of published sources, including illustrations of the Grave Creek stone and the Davenport tablets. 245-249. A Translation of "Inscription" - L'Encyclopdie of Diderot and d'Alembert. the C-14 date of 32 A.D. - 769 A.D. Wilson et al. prime minister of Israel from 1996-1999 and 2009-present. Independent scientific verification of an archaeologically excavated stone with ancient Hebrew inscribed into its surface has been completed in the Americas. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. with an uptick at the end. to maybe 100 A.D. Nonetheless, Gordon himself has acknowledged (Mahan 1971) that signs vi, vii, and viii are "not in the Canaanite system", a conclusion with which we agree (as noted above, signs vi and vii were later considered to be "problematic", and were not discussed in Gordon's 1974 publication). Ventnor Publishers, Ventnor, N.J., 1972. that would itself be sufficient to vindicate the authenticity of [1] This interpretation was accepted at the time but was contested about a century later by Cyrus H. Gordon, a scholar of Near Eastern Cultures and ancient languages, who reexamined the tablet in the 1970s and proposed that the inscription represented Paleo-Hebrew of the 1st or 2nd century. "The Cherokee Solution to the Bat Creek Enigma". The short Peet 1890, 1892, 1895). undoubtedly working from a newly-available [10], In Mound 3, Emmert reported finding "two copper bracelets, an engraved stone, a small drilled fossil, a copper bead, a bone implement, and some small pieces of polished wood soft and colored green by contact with the copper bracelet". Thomas did not excavate the mounds himself, but delegated field work to assistants. Emmert was employed as both a temporary and regular field assistant by the Smithsonian Institution for several years between 1883 and 1889, and personally directed a truly amazing number of excavations at sites in eastern Tennessee and adjacent areas. ), Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, p. 610. 1890 Historic and Prehistoric Relics. [1][2] This is evident by the lack of the markings in the first photograph of the stone, published in the 18901891 annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, and their appearance in photos after 1970. We demonstrate here that the inscribed signs do not represent legitimate Paleo-Hebrew and present evidence suggesting that the stone was recognized as a forgery by Cyrus Thomas and other contemporary researchers. the Macoy illustration, begins with the Masonic From August 2002 to November 2013, it was on loan to the Frank H. McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Pocket Books, New York. In this paper we have addressed three key issues surrounding the Bat Creek stone and its interpretation. During the last 20 years, the assertion that the Americas were visited numerous times by Old World seafarers has seen a major resurgence of interest, as witnessed by numerous best-selling books on the subject (e.g., Fell 1976; Gordon 1971, 1974) and the establishment of several "epigraphic societies" (i.e., amateur societies interested in the decipherment of alleged pre-Columbian inscriptions) devoted to proving these claims. coinscript letters to transcribe Except for the identification of the characters as Cherokee, Thomas (1894: 391-3) is based almost verbatim on Emmert's field report. 1993, pp. BAT CREEK STONE A picnic table and a small sign The Bat Creek Stone found in a burial mound in Tennessee is dated to about 46 B.C. Thomas first published the inscription in his The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times (1890, Fig. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Our mission is to defend, protect, and preserve free speech online for all people. Kimberley, Howard, "Madoc 1170: Were the Welsh the It does not, Paleo-Hebrew of approximately the first or second century Journal of Mormon History, Vol. Gordon, Cyrus H. Gordon, whose scholarly credentials are certainly impressive, is an archetypical example of what Williams (1988a) has referred to as "rogue professors." (1747-1826), known also as Iolo Morgannwg. The fact that the Bat Creek stone is not cited in any of these works strongly hints that contemporary archaeologists and ethnologists did not regard the object as genuine (see, for example, Griffin et al_. [7] Part of this history remains embedded in the advanced architecture of the Adena and Hopewell people. Gordon demonstrates their incompetence to In fact, it seems all too likely that the Bat Creek stone may be only the single most notorious example of misrepresentation on the part of Emmert during his association with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Gordon, ed., Two additional parallel lines near the widest part of the stone do not appear on the original Smithsonian Institution illustration (Thomas 1894:394) and seem to have been produced by a recent researcher testing the depth of the patina. Reprinted in Ancient American Vol. "belonging to Yehucal" (Mazar 2006: 26). Kirk, Lowell, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. In the illustration orientation, this sign resembles the Cherokee "tlun:; inverted, it is somewhat similar to a reversed "si.". Does Arnold Murray understand Hebrew? and 1989 reprint edition; illustration not in 1867 edition). the Bat Creek inscription works much better than See also comment Context of the Find The common prefix L- simply 1964 The Mine Dark Sea. Introduction Exposed," American Antiquity 64 (Oct. 2004): 761-769. is not unlikely that Mound #3's trees were of the same type. A calibrated date of A.D. 32 (427) 769 (1605 170 B.P.) [1] This interpretation began in the 1970s when the stone was examined by professor Dr. Cyrus Gordon, scholar of "Biblical and Near Eastern studies" and known "proponent of Precolumbian contacts between the old and new worlds". This small, inscribed rock was reportedly excavated from a mound in 1889 by John W. Emmert, a Smithsonian Institution field assistant, during the course of the Bureau of American Ethnology Mound Survey. Accessed If nothing else, the Masonic illustration newly discovered by McGee This is especially exciting when considered in the context of the DNA evidence, Joseph Smiths statements, and all the other archaeological evidence for highly advanced civilizations in the heartland of America during the Book of Mormon epic.4, Your email address will not be published. The broken sign cannot be mem in the designated period and even if it could, it would not be the spelling used after the sixth century B.C. 88 (Sept. 2010). "the priests the Levites, the sons of ZADOK, that kept the charge of My sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from Me" Ezekiel 44:15. Acknowledgements been copied from Macoy. [7], When the Bat Creek Inscription was found, it entered into this important debate about who the mound builders were. 1988). In the case of the former, the primitive excavation and recording techniques employed render the certainty of association between the wood fragments, the inscribed stone, and the skeletal remains indeterminant (or at best very tenuous). Unlocking the Mystery of the Two Prophets, For Our Day: Divinely Sanctioned Governments. Brass C-shaped wire bracelets are relatively common artifacts on eighteenth century historic sites in eastern North America, including Native American cemeteries (e.g., Stone 1974; Mainfort 1979; Brain 1979 lists a number of additional sites). even if the copyist threw in a few random changes to words are separated. In our discussion below, we refer to these signs as i through viii, from left to right; sign viii is located just below the main body of the inscription. The same is true of the circular burial areas paved with rock and enclosed within stone slab walls which he found in McGhee Mound, in the Call away Mound No. The stones inscription was translated into English by several Hebrew language scholars. Stones bearing inscriptions in Hebrew or other Old World characters have at last been banished from the list of prehistoric relics. better than to English, and no one has ever proposed a Cherokee reading 1982. fact there is already a D on Bat Creek, at the end of the second word, he was in fact a brother of King Arthur II, and sailed in 562 A.D. Many previously declared hoaxes may be reanalyzed using more objective and less biased examination. Dexter passed away Dec. 4, 2007, at 96. http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/AmerAntiq.pdf, "John Emmert, Demon Rum, and McCulloch's paper includes the results of an AMS assay of some wood fragments apparently associated with the burial containing the Bat Creek stone. Although the authors have no formal training in the Cherokee syllabary (nor do cult archaeology writers such as Gordon and McCulloch), it seems necessary to publish the details earth. upon to mark a path from old highway 72 to the Bat Creek: Excavations in the Smithsonian Archives," July 1987. Setzler, Frank M. and Jessee D. Jennings 1891 Ancient Cemeteries in Tennessee. The completion of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee in 1979 created a reservoir that spans the lower 33 miles (53km) of the river. Antiquity 58(233):126-128. A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas in American Antiquity," A cluster of black oak and sassafras trees, along with some or any other alphabet, the Hebrew reading would have to You must have a Gab account and be logged in to comment. and continued in use until the end of the eighteenth century (Craddock 1978; Hamilton 1967:342; Shaw and Craddock 1984). American Antiquity 53(3)-.578-582. 133, pp. word divider read, from right to left, LYHWD, or "for Judea." The findspot was about [2] Additionally, the entire surface of the stone appears to be polished, which further contributes to the smooth, rounded edges of the markings. The clay canoe-shaped coffin containing an extended burial and surrounded by four seated burials, which also came from Long Island, remains a unique occurrence. 1930 The Mound Builders. Two of the most hotly contested issues in American archaeology during the nineteenth century were the existence of an American Paleolithic of comparable age to sites in Europe and hypothetical pre-Columbian contacts with the Old World (Willey and Sabloff 1974). [7] The Myth of the Mound-builders is a damaging belief that discredits Native American peoples by claiming they were not the creators of the phenomenal mounds, and another group of people, frequently referred to as a "Vanished Race", are responsible for their creation and persisting splendor. from Jersualem's City of David under the supervision a little like the second letter (Q) on Bat Creek, but in Webb, W.S. Litigation and environmental concerns stalled the dam's completion until 1979, allowing extensive excavations at multiple sites throughout the valley. This would reconcile their reading of the inscription with by P. Kyle McCarter, BAR July/August 1993, pp. Anthropologist 13(2) :79-123. Artifacts were associated with only one of the 9 extended interments. Hebrew writing inscription found in America- The Bat Creek Stone Biblical Truth 144 280 subscribers Subscribe 303 views 10 months ago Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the copyright. The Bat Creek Stone remains the property of the Smithsonian Institution, and is catalogued in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, NMNH catalog number 8013771 and original US National Museum number A134902-0. Hodges, New York. Underlying the earthwork were a number of early Mississippian features. Jones 2004) that Coelbren itself outside the expertise and interests of the readership." However, I see no obvious relation R is for "Ara" which is (Lion) QL is for "Qol" which is (voice) YH is for "Yah" which is (God) standard Square Hebrew into the older alphabet, erroneously 17-21. Mertz, Henriette 1967 The English Brass and Copper Industries to 1800. In the published literature, there is no indication that any Cherokee scholar has ever agreed with Cyrus Thomas's interpretation of the Bat Creek stone, nor have we encountered any references to the stone in the Cherokee linguistic or ethnographic literature (e.g., Mooney 1892, as well as examples noted below). would make an appropriate memorial for the find, Under the skull and mandible of Burial 1 "two copper bracelets, an engraved stone, a small drilled fossil, a copper bead, a bone implement, and some small pieces of polished wood soft and colored green by contact with the copper bracelets" were found. [1] The two bracelets found in the Mound were initially identified by both Emmert and Thomas as "copper", but a 1970 Smithsonian analysis concluded the bracelets were in fact heavily leaded yellow brass. The string YHW-, or Yahu-, the first three letters longer word, and identifed the second letter of the shorter 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. These signs have been identified by Gordon (1971, 1972, 1974; see Mahan [1971]) as Paleo-Hebrew letters of the period circa A.D. 100; McCulloch (1988) suggests the first century A.D. Mound 1 had a diameter of 108 feet (33m) and a height of 8 feet (2.4m), and it was located on the first terrace above the river. Fel1, Barry 3-548. 1964 Vinland Ruins Prove Vikings Found the New World. Mooney, James Bat Creek empties into the southwest bank of the Little Tennessee 12 miles (19km) upstream from the mouth of the river. 12/28/05. In: Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, edited by M.B. I own no rights to the film.Mary Hartski skit excerpt from \"Big Chuck and Hoolihan/Lil' John Show\" from WJW-TV out of Cleveland, Ohio. bookstore. An alternative W.H. However, Wilson et al. Both inscriptions do contain two words, with the identical string From his field reports and letters, it is obvious that Emmert truly enjoyed archaeological field work, and was constantly pleading to Thomas and various politicians for regular, full-time employment with the Smithsonian. but merely that this is a common component of Hebrew Photo copyright Warren W. Dexter, 1986. Following McCulloch (1988), the signs are numbered i - viii from left to right, with viii appearing below the other signs. You decide.All images of Arnold Murray are from \"The Translation\" which is the property of Shepherd's Chapel in Gravette, Arkansas (I think). although a few of the letters could be taken for The proposed time period is of relevance because the forms of Paleo-Hebrew letters evolved over time. In his Archaeological History of Ohio, Gerald Fowke (1902:458-459) cited the Bat Creek stone in the context of criticizing Cyrus Thomas for claiming a relatively recent age for various mounds, and Stephen Peet (1891:146) briefly mentioned the object. Masonic artist's impression of Biblical phrase (QDSh LYHWH) in paleo-Hebrew script (Macoy 1868: 134), compared with the inscribed stone. 131. string LYHW- in the word LYHWKL, or The Origins and Early Use of Brass. The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription . Houghton Mifflin, Boston. [9] Historian Sarah E. Baires writes that the attribution of the mound builders to "any groupother than Native Americans" reflects the "practices" of European settlers that primarily "included the erasure of Native American ties to their cultural landscapes". 1898 Introduction to the Study of North American Archaeology. Initially, the inscription was thought to be in the Cherokee alphabet, invented by Sequoyah around 1821. missing on Bat Creek. The sign is impossible for Paleo-Hebrew. It also seems worth mentioning that Cyrus Thomas was neither the first nor the last archaeologist to be taken in by a questionable artifact. [5], Today, the probable source used by the forger to create the inscription has been identified, yet the question of who made the tablet and why remains unanswered. [2], North America has a vast and significant history, a "rich history" that belongs to "sophisticated Native American civilizations" and pre-dates the introduction of European settler colonialism. The latter is the Aramaic designation and appears only in Aramaic scripts. Today, this mound is submerged by a reservoir. [3] Due to the efforts of Thomas and his team, and with the aid of his published work which extensively presented his findings, "the myth of a vanished race had been dealt a fatal blow".[3]. However, the most telling difference between the Bat The University of Iowa, Iowa City. The stone shows respect and praise to the God of Israel . the inscription were Carbon-14 dated to somewhere between After examining the stones inscribed grooves and outer weathering rind using standard and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and researching the historical documentation, the team of Scott Wolter and Richard Stehly of American Petrographic Services conclude that the inscription is consistent with many hundreds of years of weathering in a wet earth mound comprised of soil and hard red clayand that the stonecan be no younger than when the bodies of the deceased were buried inside the mound. This was an undisputed Hopewell burial mound, and therefore the Hebrew inscribed artifact falls within the time frames of the Book of Mormon in the heartland of America. Gordon, pp. American Antiquity 46(2):244-271. While few archaeologists would deny a priori the possibility of early voyages to the New World, the simple fact is that, with the exception Griffin, James B., David J. Meltzer, Bruce D. Smith, and William C. Sturtevant1988 A Mammoth Fraud in Science. The distinctive McCulloch (1988) identifies sign ii as "waw" based partially on a fourth century B.C. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1971 The Bat Creek Stone. Both Mound 2 and 3 were located higher than Mound 1. Dalton claims that the Sacred Stone is a revealed translation of the Rosetta Stone, even though the actual Egyptian translation of the stone into English is well known. Thomas's original Cherokee interpretation, Silverberg, Robert [8] The Adena and Hopewell peoples constructed significant earthworks and mounds, a "widespread practice throughout the American southeast, Midwest, and northern plains". One of the best recent works on ancient America is flawed to some extent by want of this precaution. Two of these are Thomas's (1890, 1894) own publications, as cited earlier. A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas in, http://druidry.org/obod/lore/coelbren/coelbren.html, http://www.ampetrographic.com/files/BatCreekStone.pdf. ; For the Judeans, or For Judea, a clear reference to ancient Israel. Stone, Lyle M. The latter was inextricably linked to the Moundbuilder debate (Silverberg 1968). The inscribed stone was found in an undisturbed Hopewell burial mound along the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Bat Creek. The shorter first words of the Bat Creek and Masonic of their claim, there is no basis for either of these conclusions. Carter, George [1][3] Archaeologist Bradley T. Lepper concludes, "the historical detective work of Mainfort and Kwas has exposed one famous hoax". 1978 The Composition of the Copper Alloys Used by the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Civilizations. [2] According to the American Petrographic Services' evaluation of the stone, the marks are characterized by smooth, "rounded grooves". Note that we do not contend that these signs are Cherokee - only that there are some formal similarities (McKussick [1979] incorrectly asserts that the signs actually are a form of Cherokee). Nov./Dec. [3] More specifically, Thomas focused on assessing the connection between the mound-builders and the Indigenous communities who lived in the area during European colonization. Persian era, according to Gordon) is one such "Yahwist" name. 1970b Prof Says Jews Found America. Washington. [5] Mainfort and Kwas have identified the source of the inscription. grape vines, planted on the rebuilt mound, Whiteford (1952:207-225) summarizes some of these: "It is impossible to use the data presented by Thomas in the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology with any conviction that they present a complete or even, in some cases, an accurate picture of the material which Emmert excavated in the Tennessee Area" (1952:217) "Mound No. sign iv) or he_ (cf. Carbon dating was performed on wood fragments found in the inscription in 1988 which yielded a date between 32 A.D. and 769 A.D., a very significant correlation with the Book of Mormons Nephite time frames, which was roughly 600 B.C. In early 1889, Emmert resumed his excavations under Thomas' direction; by February 15 he had "found" the Bat Creek stone (Emmert to Thomas, 15 February 1889). The cornerstone of this reconstruction is at present the Bat Creek inscription because it was found in an unimpeachable archaeological context under the direction of professional archaeologists working for the prestigious Smithsonian Institution.". The inscribed signs generally penetrate through the patina, revealing the lighter interior matrix of the stone, but two signs (signs vi and vii on the left side of the stone as illustrated here) are noticeably shallower, as are portions of several others. American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York. McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisted: Tennessee Anthropologist 1988(2), pp. and Kwas article, enumerating these do have essentially the same form, but are in fact different: or "Only for the Judeans" if the broken letter is included. orientation, and although several of the letters are not perfect as Paleo-Hebrew, Accessed 12/29/05. The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times, N.D.C. At the time the Symbols, December, 1988, pp. [4] But these claims by Gordon and McCulloh have been silenced by archeologists who "have rejected the Bat Creek stone as a fake". Wolter, Scott, and Richard D. Stehly. In: F.W. 1984 Ghanaian and Coptic Brass Lamps. 54-55 ff., "had been covered by a cluster of The Bat Creek stone from eastern Tennessee is a notable exception and is considered by cult archaeologists to be the best piece of evidence for pre-Columbian contacts by Old World cultures.
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